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Россия в первой четверти XIX века","\u002Flectures\u002Fhistory\u002F2.1","01.lectures\u002F03.history\u002F2.1",{"title":33,"path":34,"stem":35,"children":36,"page":22},"Компьютерное моделирование","\u002Flectures\u002Fmodeling","01.lectures\u002F05.modeling",[37,41],{"title":38,"path":39,"stem":40},"1. Обзор истории и современного развития методов моделирования","\u002Flectures\u002Fmodeling\u002F1","01.lectures\u002F05.modeling\u002F1",{"title":42,"path":43,"stem":44},"2. Системный подход в моделировании и его роль в современном понимании процессов в науке и технике","\u002Flectures\u002Fmodeling\u002F2","01.lectures\u002F05.modeling\u002F2",{"title":46,"path":47,"stem":48,"children":49,"page":22},"Органические соединения","\u002Flectures\u002Forganics","01.lectures\u002F06.organics",[50,54,58,62,66],{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"1. Основные понятия химии органических соединений","\u002Flectures\u002Forganics\u002F1","01.lectures\u002F06.organics\u002F1",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"2. Предельные углеводороды — алканы","\u002Flectures\u002Forganics\u002F2","01.lectures\u002F06.organics\u002F2",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61},"3. Непредельные углеводороды. Алкены. Диены","\u002Flectures\u002Forganics\u002F3","01.lectures\u002F06.organics\u002F3",{"title":63,"path":64,"stem":65},"4. Алкины-ацетиленовые углероды","\u002Flectures\u002Forganics\u002F4","01.lectures\u002F06.organics\u002F4",{"title":67,"path":68,"stem":69},"5. Алициклические углеводороды. 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Все тела состоят из атомов и молекул",[134,135,136,255,258,261],"ul",{},[137,138,139,140,144,145,250,251,254],"li",{},"Все вещества имеют дискретное строение и состоят из ",[141,142,143],"strong",{},"атомов"," (нейтральных частиц размером ~ ",[146,147,150,184],"span",{"className":148},[149],"katex",[146,151,154],{"className":152},[153],"katex-mathml",[155,156,158],"math",{"xmlns":157},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[159,160,161,179],"semantics",{},[162,163,164],"mrow",{},[165,166,167,171],"msup",{},[168,169,170],"mn",{},"10",[162,172,173,177],{},[174,175,176],"mo",{},"−",[168,178,170],{},[180,181,183],"annotation",{"encoding":182},"application\u002Fx-tex","10^{-10}",[146,185,189],{"className":186,"ariaHidden":188},[187],"katex-html","true",[146,190,193,198,203],{"className":191},[192],"base",[146,194],{"className":195,"style":197},[196],"strut","height:0.8141em;",[146,199,202],{"className":200},[201],"mord","1",[146,204,206,210],{"className":205},[201],[146,207,209],{"className":208},[201],"0",[146,211,214],{"className":212},[213],"msupsub",[146,215,218],{"className":216},[217],"vlist-t",[146,219,222],{"className":220},[221],"vlist-r",[146,223,226],{"className":224,"style":197},[225],"vlist",[146,227,229,234],{"style":228},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,230],{"className":231,"style":233},[232],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[146,235,241],{"className":236},[237,238,239,240],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[146,242,244,247],{"className":243},[201,240],[146,245,176],{"className":246},[201,240],[146,248,170],{"className":249},[201,240]," м) и ",[141,252,253],{},"молекул",", образованных несколькими атомами.",[137,256,257],{},"В твердых телах и жидкостях частицы расположены почти вплотную.",[137,259,260],{},"В газах среднее расстояние между молекулами примерно в 1000 раз больше их диаметра.",[137,262,263],{},"Дискретность строения вещества подтверждена экспериментально.",[265,266],"hr",{},[129,268,270],{"id":269},"_2-частицы-вещества-находятся-в-непрерывном-хаотическом-движении","2. Частицы вещества находятся в непрерывном хаотическом движении",[134,272,273,276,279],{},[137,274,275],{},"Интенсивность движения пропорциональна температуре.",[137,277,278],{},"Доказательства: броуновское движение, диффузия, теплопроводность, давление газа на стенки сосуда, способность газа занимать весь доступный объем.",[137,280,281,282],{},"Характеристики движения молекул:\n",[134,283,284,287],{},[137,285,286],{},"средняя кинетическая энергия молекул",[137,288,289],{},"усредненная скорость хаотического движения",[265,291],{},[129,293,295],{"id":294},"_3-частицы-вещества-взаимодействуют-друг-с-другом","3. Частицы вещества взаимодействуют друг с другом",[134,297,298],{},[137,299,300],{},"Действуют силы притяжения и отталкивания одновременно:",[146,302,305],{"className":303},[304],"katex-display",[146,306,308,377],{"className":307},[149],[146,309,311],{"className":310},[153],[155,312,314],{"xmlns":157,"display":313},"block",[159,315,316,374],{},[162,317,318,329,332,334,347,350,354,361,363],{},[319,320,321,325],"msub",{},[322,323,324],"mi",{},"F",[326,327,328],"mtext",{},"притяж",[174,330,331],{},"∼",[174,333,176],{},[335,336,337,339],"mfrac",{},[168,338,202],{},[165,340,341,344],{},[322,342,343],{},"r",[168,345,346],{},"7",[174,348,349],{"separator":188},",",[351,352],"mspace",{"width":353},"1em",[319,355,356,358],{},[322,357,324],{},[326,359,360],{},"отталк",[174,362,331],{},[335,364,365,367],{},[168,366,202],{},[165,368,369,371],{},[322,370,343],{},[168,372,373],{},"13",[180,375,376],{"encoding":182},"F_\\text{притяж} \\sim -\\frac{1}{r^7}, \\quad F_\\text{отталк} \\sim \\frac{1}{r^{13}}",[146,378,380,451,628],{"className":379,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,381,383,387,440,444,448],{"className":382},[192],[146,384],{"className":385,"style":386},[196],"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[146,388,390,395],{"className":389},[201],[146,391,324],{"className":392,"style":394},[201,393],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.13889em;",[146,396,398],{"className":397},[213],[146,399,402,431],{"className":400},[217,401],"vlist-t2",[146,403,405,426],{"className":404},[221],[146,406,409],{"className":407,"style":408},[225],"height:0.1514em;",[146,410,412,415],{"style":411},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,413],{"className":414,"style":233},[232],[146,416,418],{"className":417},[237,238,239,240],[146,419,422],{"className":420},[201,421,240],"text",[146,423,328],{"className":424},[201,425,240],"cyrillic_fallback",[146,427,430],{"className":428},[429],"vlist-s","​",[146,432,434],{"className":433},[221],[146,435,438],{"className":436,"style":437},[225],"height:0.2861em;",[146,439],{},[146,441],{"className":442,"style":443},[351],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[146,445,331],{"className":446},[447],"mrel",[146,449],{"className":450,"style":443},[351],[146,452,454,458,461,563,567,571,575,619,622,625],{"className":453},[192],[146,455],{"className":456,"style":457},[196],"height:2.0074em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[146,459,176],{"className":460},[201],[146,462,464,469,559],{"className":463},[201],[146,465],{"className":466},[467,468],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[146,470,472],{"className":471},[335],[146,473,475,550],{"className":474},[217,401],[146,476,478,547],{"className":477},[221],[146,479,482,524,535],{"className":480,"style":481},[225],"height:1.3214em;",[146,483,485,489],{"style":484},"top:-2.314em;",[146,486],{"className":487,"style":488},[232],"height:3em;",[146,490,492],{"className":491},[201],[146,493,495,499],{"className":494},[201],[146,496,343],{"className":497,"style":498},[201,393],"margin-right:0.02778em;",[146,500,502],{"className":501},[213],[146,503,505],{"className":504},[217],[146,506,508],{"className":507},[221],[146,509,512],{"className":510,"style":511},[225],"height:0.7401em;",[146,513,515,518],{"style":514},"top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,516],{"className":517,"style":233},[232],[146,519,521],{"className":520},[237,238,239,240],[146,522,346],{"className":523},[201,240],[146,525,527,530],{"style":526},"top:-3.23em;",[146,528],{"className":529,"style":488},[232],[146,531],{"className":532,"style":534},[533],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[146,536,538,541],{"style":537},"top:-3.677em;",[146,539],{"className":540,"style":488},[232],[146,542,544],{"className":543},[201],[146,545,202],{"className":546},[201],[146,548,430],{"className":549},[429],[146,551,553],{"className":552},[221],[146,554,557],{"className":555,"style":556},[225],"height:0.686em;",[146,558],{},[146,560],{"className":561},[562,468],"mclose",[146,564,349],{"className":565},[566],"mpunct",[146,568],{"className":569,"style":570},[351],"margin-right:1em;",[146,572],{"className":573,"style":574},[351],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[146,576,578,581],{"className":577},[201],[146,579,324],{"className":580,"style":394},[201,393],[146,582,584],{"className":583},[213],[146,585,587,610],{"className":586},[217,401],[146,588,590,607],{"className":589},[221],[146,591,593],{"className":592,"style":408},[225],[146,594,595,598],{"style":411},[146,596],{"className":597,"style":233},[232],[146,599,601],{"className":600},[237,238,239,240],[146,602,604],{"className":603},[201,421,240],[146,605,360],{"className":606},[201,425,240],[146,608,430],{"className":609},[429],[146,611,613],{"className":612},[221],[146,614,617],{"className":615,"style":616},[225],"height:0.15em;",[146,618],{},[146,620],{"className":621,"style":443},[351],[146,623,331],{"className":624},[447],[146,626],{"className":627,"style":443},[351],[146,629,631,634],{"className":630},[192],[146,632],{"className":633,"style":457},[196],[146,635,637,640,722],{"className":636},[201],[146,638],{"className":639},[467,468],[146,641,643],{"className":642},[335],[146,644,646,714],{"className":645},[217,401],[146,647,649,711],{"className":648},[221],[146,650,652,692,700],{"className":651,"style":481},[225],[146,653,654,657],{"style":484},[146,655],{"className":656,"style":488},[232],[146,658,660],{"className":659},[201],[146,661,663,666],{"className":662},[201],[146,664,343],{"className":665,"style":498},[201,393],[146,667,669],{"className":668},[213],[146,670,672],{"className":671},[217],[146,673,675],{"className":674},[221],[146,676,678],{"className":677,"style":511},[225],[146,679,680,683],{"style":514},[146,681],{"className":682,"style":233},[232],[146,684,686],{"className":685},[237,238,239,240],[146,687,689],{"className":688},[201,240],[146,690,373],{"className":691},[201,240],[146,693,694,697],{"style":526},[146,695],{"className":696,"style":488},[232],[146,698],{"className":699,"style":534},[533],[146,701,702,705],{"style":537},[146,703],{"className":704,"style":488},[232],[146,706,708],{"className":707},[201],[146,709,202],{"className":710},[201],[146,712,430],{"className":713},[429],[146,715,717],{"className":716},[221],[146,718,720],{"className":719,"style":556},[225],[146,721],{},[146,723],{"className":724},[562,468],[265,726],{},[124,728,730],{"id":729},"молекулярная-физика-и-макроскопические-системы","Молекулярная физика и макроскопические системы",[134,732,733,739,745],{},[137,734,735,738],{},[141,736,737],{},"Молекулярная (статистическая) физика"," изучает явления в макроскопических системах, вызванные движением и взаимодействием частиц.",[137,740,741,744],{},[141,742,743],{},"Макроскопическая система"," — система большого числа частиц (атомов, молекул, ионов, электронов) в любом агрегатном состоянии.",[137,746,747,750],{},[141,748,749],{},"Модель тела"," — система многих частиц, свойства которых известны.",[129,752,754],{"id":753},"методы-исследования","Методы исследования",[756,757,758,836,842],"ol",{},[137,759,760,763,764],{},[141,761,762],{},"Динамический метод"," — применяется к небольшому числу тел. Составляются уравнения движения с начальными условиями.\n",[134,765,766],{},[137,767,768,769,835],{},"Неприменим к макросистемам из-за огромного числа частиц (~",[146,770,772,791],{"className":771},[149],[146,773,775],{"className":774},[153],[155,776,777],{"xmlns":157},[159,778,779,788],{},[162,780,781],{},[165,782,783,785],{},[168,784,170],{},[168,786,787],{},"23",[180,789,790],{"encoding":182},"10^{23}",[146,792,794],{"className":793,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,795,797,800,803],{"className":796},[192],[146,798],{"className":799,"style":197},[196],[146,801,202],{"className":802},[201],[146,804,806,809],{"className":805},[201],[146,807,209],{"className":808},[201],[146,810,812],{"className":811},[213],[146,813,815],{"className":814},[217],[146,816,818],{"className":817},[221],[146,819,821],{"className":820,"style":197},[225],[146,822,823,826],{"style":228},[146,824],{"className":825,"style":233},[232],[146,827,829],{"className":828},[237,238,239,240],[146,830,832],{"className":831},[201,240],[146,833,787],{"className":834},[201,240],") и высокой чувствительности к начальным условиям.",[137,837,838,841],{},[141,839,840],{},"Статистический метод"," — свойства частиц усредняются; макросистема описывается через средние значения (например, давление).",[137,843,844,847],{},[141,845,846],{},"Термодинамический метод"," — изучает макросистемы через параметры состояния (давление, объем, температура), не вдаваясь в микроскопическую структуру.",[265,849],{},[129,851,853],{"id":852},"микроскопическое-и-макроскопическое-состояние","Микроскопическое и макроскопическое состояние",[134,855,856,1374,1380],{},[137,857,858,861,862,1051,1052,1373],{},[141,859,860],{},"Микроскопическое состояние"," — положения ",[146,863,865,903],{"className":864},[149],[146,866,868],{"className":867},[153],[155,869,870],{"xmlns":157},[159,871,872,900],{},[162,873,874,882,884,891,893],{},[319,875,876,879],{},[322,877,878],{},"x",[322,880,881],{},"i",[174,883,349],{"separator":188},[319,885,886,889],{},[322,887,888],{},"y",[322,890,881],{},[174,892,349],{"separator":188},[319,894,895,898],{},[322,896,897],{},"z",[322,899,881],{},[180,901,902],{"encoding":182},"x_i, y_i, z_i",[146,904,906],{"className":905,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,907,909,913,955,958,961,1003,1006,1009],{"className":908},[192],[146,910],{"className":911,"style":912},[196],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[146,914,916,919],{"className":915},[201],[146,917,878],{"className":918},[201,393],[146,920,922],{"className":921},[213],[146,923,925,947],{"className":924},[217,401],[146,926,928,944],{"className":927},[221],[146,929,932],{"className":930,"style":931},[225],"height:0.3117em;",[146,933,935,938],{"style":934},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,936],{"className":937,"style":233},[232],[146,939,941],{"className":940},[237,238,239,240],[146,942,881],{"className":943},[201,393,240],[146,945,430],{"className":946},[429],[146,948,950],{"className":949},[221],[146,951,953],{"className":952,"style":616},[225],[146,954],{},[146,956,349],{"className":957},[566],[146,959],{"className":960,"style":574},[351],[146,962,964,968],{"className":963},[201],[146,965,888],{"className":966,"style":967},[201,393],"margin-right:0.03588em;",[146,969,971],{"className":970},[213],[146,972,974,995],{"className":973},[217,401],[146,975,977,992],{"className":976},[221],[146,978,980],{"className":979,"style":931},[225],[146,981,983,986],{"style":982},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,984],{"className":985,"style":233},[232],[146,987,989],{"className":988},[237,238,239,240],[146,990,881],{"className":991},[201,393,240],[146,993,430],{"className":994},[429],[146,996,998],{"className":997},[221],[146,999,1001],{"className":1000,"style":616},[225],[146,1002],{},[146,1004,349],{"className":1005},[566],[146,1007],{"className":1008,"style":574},[351],[146,1010,1012,1016],{"className":1011},[201],[146,1013,897],{"className":1014,"style":1015},[201,393],"margin-right:0.04398em;",[146,1017,1019],{"className":1018},[213],[146,1020,1022,1043],{"className":1021},[217,401],[146,1023,1025,1040],{"className":1024},[221],[146,1026,1028],{"className":1027,"style":931},[225],[146,1029,1031,1034],{"style":1030},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.044em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,1032],{"className":1033,"style":233},[232],[146,1035,1037],{"className":1036},[237,238,239,240],[146,1038,881],{"className":1039},[201,393,240],[146,1041,430],{"className":1042},[429],[146,1044,1046],{"className":1045},[221],[146,1047,1049],{"className":1048,"style":616},[225],[146,1050],{}," и скорости ",[146,1053,1055,1102],{"className":1054},[149],[146,1056,1058],{"className":1057},[153],[155,1059,1060],{"xmlns":157},[159,1061,1062,1099],{},[162,1063,1064,1075,1077,1087,1089],{},[319,1065,1066,1069],{},[322,1067,1068],{},"u",[319,1070,1071,1073],{},[322,1072,878],{},[322,1074,881],{},[174,1076,349],{"separator":188},[319,1078,1079,1081],{},[322,1080,1068],{},[319,1082,1083,1085],{},[322,1084,888],{},[322,1086,881],{},[174,1088,349],{"separator":188},[319,1090,1091,1093],{},[322,1092,1068],{},[319,1094,1095,1097],{},[322,1096,897],{},[322,1098,881],{},[180,1100,1101],{"encoding":182},"u_{x_i}, u_{y_i}, u_{z_i}",[146,1103,1105],{"className":1104,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1106,1108,1112,1199,1202,1205,1286,1289,1292],{"className":1107},[192],[146,1109],{"className":1110,"style":1111},[196],"height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[146,1113,1115,1118],{"className":1114},[201],[146,1116,1068],{"className":1117},[201,393],[146,1119,1121],{"className":1120},[213],[146,1122,1124,1190],{"className":1123},[217,401],[146,1125,1127,1187],{"className":1126},[221],[146,1128,1130],{"className":1129,"style":408},[225],[146,1131,1132,1135],{"style":934},[146,1133],{"className":1134,"style":233},[232],[146,1136,1138],{"className":1137},[237,238,239,240],[146,1139,1141],{"className":1140},[201,240],[146,1142,1144,1147],{"className":1143},[201,240],[146,1145,878],{"className":1146},[201,393,240],[146,1148,1150],{"className":1149},[213],[146,1151,1153,1178],{"className":1152},[217,401],[146,1154,1156,1175],{"className":1155},[221],[146,1157,1160],{"className":1158,"style":1159},[225],"height:0.3281em;",[146,1161,1163,1167],{"style":1162},"top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[146,1164],{"className":1165,"style":1166},[232],"height:2.5em;",[146,1168,1172],{"className":1169},[237,1170,1171,240],"reset-size3","size1",[146,1173,881],{"className":1174},[201,393,240],[146,1176,430],{"className":1177},[429],[146,1179,1181],{"className":1180},[221],[146,1182,1185],{"className":1183,"style":1184},[225],"height:0.143em;",[146,1186],{},[146,1188,430],{"className":1189},[429],[146,1191,1193],{"className":1192},[221],[146,1194,1197],{"className":1195,"style":1196},[225],"height:0.2501em;",[146,1198],{},[146,1200,349],{"className":1201},[566],[146,1203],{"className":1204,"style":574},[351],[146,1206,1208,1211],{"className":1207},[201],[146,1209,1068],{"className":1210},[201,393],[146,1212,1214],{"className":1213},[213],[146,1215,1217,1278],{"className":1216},[217,401],[146,1218,1220,1275],{"className":1219},[221],[146,1221,1223],{"className":1222,"style":408},[225],[146,1224,1225,1228],{"style":934},[146,1226],{"className":1227,"style":233},[232],[146,1229,1231],{"className":1230},[237,238,239,240],[146,1232,1234],{"className":1233},[201,240],[146,1235,1237,1240],{"className":1236},[201,240],[146,1238,888],{"className":1239,"style":967},[201,393,240],[146,1241,1243],{"className":1242},[213],[146,1244,1246,1267],{"className":1245},[217,401],[146,1247,1249,1264],{"className":1248},[221],[146,1250,1252],{"className":1251,"style":1159},[225],[146,1253,1255,1258],{"style":1254},"top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[146,1256],{"className":1257,"style":1166},[232],[146,1259,1261],{"className":1260},[237,1170,1171,240],[146,1262,881],{"className":1263},[201,393,240],[146,1265,430],{"className":1266},[429],[146,1268,1270],{"className":1269},[221],[146,1271,1273],{"className":1272,"style":1184},[225],[146,1274],{},[146,1276,430],{"className":1277},[429],[146,1279,1281],{"className":1280},[221],[146,1282,1284],{"className":1283,"style":437},[225],[146,1285],{},[146,1287,349],{"className":1288},[566],[146,1290],{"className":1291,"style":574},[351],[146,1293,1295,1298],{"className":1294},[201],[146,1296,1068],{"className":1297},[201,393],[146,1299,1301],{"className":1300},[213],[146,1302,1304,1365],{"className":1303},[217,401],[146,1305,1307,1362],{"className":1306},[221],[146,1308,1310],{"className":1309,"style":408},[225],[146,1311,1312,1315],{"style":934},[146,1313],{"className":1314,"style":233},[232],[146,1316,1318],{"className":1317},[237,238,239,240],[146,1319,1321],{"className":1320},[201,240],[146,1322,1324,1327],{"className":1323},[201,240],[146,1325,897],{"className":1326,"style":1015},[201,393,240],[146,1328,1330],{"className":1329},[213],[146,1331,1333,1354],{"className":1332},[217,401],[146,1334,1336,1351],{"className":1335},[221],[146,1337,1339],{"className":1338,"style":1159},[225],[146,1340,1342,1345],{"style":1341},"top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.044em;margin-right:0.0714em;",[146,1343],{"className":1344,"style":1166},[232],[146,1346,1348],{"className":1347},[237,1170,1171,240],[146,1349,881],{"className":1350},[201,393,240],[146,1352,430],{"className":1353},[429],[146,1355,1357],{"className":1356},[221],[146,1358,1360],{"className":1359,"style":1184},[225],[146,1361],{},[146,1363,430],{"className":1364},[429],[146,1366,1368],{"className":1367},[221],[146,1369,1371],{"className":1370,"style":1196},[225],[146,1372],{}," всех частиц системы.",[137,1375,1376,1379],{},[141,1377,1378],{},"Макроскопическое состояние"," — усреднённые характеристики системы (температура, давление, удельный объем, плотность).",[137,1381,1382,1385],{},[141,1383,1384],{},"Флуктуации"," — малые беспорядочные отклонения макропараметров от среднего значения.",[265,1387],{},[129,1389,1391],{"id":1390},"температура","Температура",[134,1393,1394,1397,1408],{},[137,1395,1396],{},"Характеризует состояние термодинамического равновесия и интенсивность теплового движения молекул.",[137,1398,1399,1400],{},"Шкалы:\n",[134,1401,1402,1405],{},[137,1403,1404],{},"Термодинамическая: Кельвины (K)",[137,1406,1407],{},"Международная практическая: градусы Цельсия (°C)",[137,1409,1410],{},"Связь шкал:",[146,1412,1414],{"className":1413},[304],[146,1415,1417,1466],{"className":1416},[149],[146,1418,1420],{"className":1419},[153],[155,1421,1422],{"xmlns":157,"display":313},[159,1423,1424,1463],{},[162,1425,1426,1429,1433,1436,1439,1442,1445,1452,1455,1457,1460],{},[322,1427,1428],{},"T",[174,1430,1432],{"stretchy":1431},"false","[",[326,1434,1435],{},"K",[174,1437,1438],{"stretchy":1431},"]",[174,1440,1441],{},"=",[322,1443,1444],{},"t",[165,1446,1447,1449],{},[174,1448,1432],{"stretchy":1431},[174,1450,1451],{},"∘",[326,1453,1454],{},"C",[174,1456,1438],{"stretchy":1431},[174,1458,1459],{},"+",[168,1461,1462],{},"273",[180,1464,1465],{"encoding":182},"T[\\text{K}] = t[^\\circ \\text{C}] + 273",[146,1467,1469,1500,1560],{"className":1468,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1470,1472,1476,1479,1482,1488,1491,1494,1497],{"className":1471},[192],[146,1473],{"className":1474,"style":1475},[196],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[146,1477,1428],{"className":1478,"style":394},[201,393],[146,1480,1432],{"className":1481},[467],[146,1483,1485],{"className":1484},[201,421],[146,1486,1435],{"className":1487},[201],[146,1489,1438],{"className":1490},[562],[146,1492],{"className":1493,"style":443},[351],[146,1495,1441],{"className":1496},[447],[146,1498],{"className":1499,"style":443},[351],[146,1501,1503,1506,1509,1541,1547,1550,1554,1557],{"className":1502},[192],[146,1504],{"className":1505,"style":1475},[196],[146,1507,1444],{"className":1508},[201,393],[146,1510,1512,1515],{"className":1511},[467],[146,1513,1432],{"className":1514},[467],[146,1516,1518],{"className":1517},[213],[146,1519,1521],{"className":1520},[217],[146,1522,1524],{"className":1523},[221],[146,1525,1528],{"className":1526,"style":1527},[225],"height:0.7241em;",[146,1529,1531,1534],{"style":1530},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,1532],{"className":1533,"style":233},[232],[146,1535,1537],{"className":1536},[237,238,239,240],[146,1538,1451],{"className":1539},[1540,240],"mbin",[146,1542,1544],{"className":1543},[201,421],[146,1545,1454],{"className":1546},[201],[146,1548,1438],{"className":1549},[562],[146,1551],{"className":1552,"style":1553},[351],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[146,1555,1459],{"className":1556},[1540],[146,1558],{"className":1559,"style":1553},[351],[146,1561,1563,1567],{"className":1562},[192],[146,1564],{"className":1565,"style":1566},[196],"height:0.6444em;",[146,1568,1462],{"className":1569},[201],[134,1571,1572],{},[137,1573,1574,1577,1578,1606],{},[141,1575,1576],{},"Абсолютный нуль",": ",[146,1579,1581,1594],{"className":1580},[149],[146,1582,1584],{"className":1583},[153],[155,1585,1586],{"xmlns":157},[159,1587,1588,1592],{},[162,1589,1590],{},[168,1591,209],{},[180,1593,209],{"encoding":182},[146,1595,1597],{"className":1596,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1598,1600,1603],{"className":1599},[192],[146,1601],{"className":1602,"style":1566},[196],[146,1604,209],{"className":1605},[201]," K",[265,1608],{},[129,1610,1612],{"id":1611},"давление","Давление",[134,1614,1615],{},[137,1616,1617],{},"Определяется как нормальная сила на единицу площади, возникающая при упругих ударах множества молекул:",[146,1619,1621],{"className":1620},[304],[146,1622,1624,1657],{"className":1623},[149],[146,1625,1627],{"className":1626},[153],[155,1628,1629],{"xmlns":157,"display":313},[159,1630,1631,1654],{},[162,1632,1633,1636,1638],{},[322,1634,1635],{},"p",[174,1637,1441],{},[335,1639,1640,1647],{},[162,1641,1642,1645],{},[322,1643,1644],{},"d",[322,1646,324],{},[162,1648,1649,1651],{},[322,1650,1644],{},[322,1652,1653],{},"S",[180,1655,1656],{"encoding":182},"p = \\frac{dF}{dS}",[146,1658,1660,1678],{"className":1659,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1661,1663,1666,1669,1672,1675],{"className":1662},[192],[146,1664],{"className":1665,"style":912},[196],[146,1667,1635],{"className":1668},[201,393],[146,1670],{"className":1671,"style":443},[351],[146,1673,1441],{"className":1674},[447],[146,1676],{"className":1677,"style":443},[351],[146,1679,1681,1685],{"className":1680},[192],[146,1682],{"className":1683,"style":1684},[196],"height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[146,1686,1688,1691,1752],{"className":1687},[201],[146,1689],{"className":1690},[467,468],[146,1692,1694],{"className":1693},[335],[146,1695,1697,1744],{"className":1696},[217,401],[146,1698,1700,1741],{"className":1699},[221],[146,1701,1704,1719,1727],{"className":1702,"style":1703},[225],"height:1.3714em;",[146,1705,1706,1709],{"style":484},[146,1707],{"className":1708,"style":488},[232],[146,1710,1712,1715],{"className":1711},[201],[146,1713,1644],{"className":1714},[201,393],[146,1716,1653],{"className":1717,"style":1718},[201,393],"margin-right:0.05764em;",[146,1720,1721,1724],{"style":526},[146,1722],{"className":1723,"style":488},[232],[146,1725],{"className":1726,"style":534},[533],[146,1728,1729,1732],{"style":537},[146,1730],{"className":1731,"style":488},[232],[146,1733,1735,1738],{"className":1734},[201],[146,1736,1644],{"className":1737},[201,393],[146,1739,324],{"className":1740,"style":394},[201,393],[146,1742,430],{"className":1743},[429],[146,1745,1747],{"className":1746},[221],[146,1748,1750],{"className":1749,"style":556},[225],[146,1751],{},[146,1753],{"className":1754},[562,468],[134,1756,1757],{},[137,1758,1759,1760],{},"Единица давления в СИ — паскаль (Па): ",[146,1761,1763,1795],{"className":1762},[149],[146,1764,1766],{"className":1765},[153],[155,1767,1768],{"xmlns":157},[159,1769,1770,1792],{},[162,1771,1772,1774,1777,1779,1781,1784],{},[168,1773,202],{},[326,1775,1776],{}," Па",[174,1778,1441],{},[168,1780,202],{},[326,1782,1783],{}," ",[165,1785,1786,1789],{},[326,1787,1788],{},"Н\u002Fм",[168,1790,1791],{},"2",[180,1793,1794],{"encoding":182},"1\\ \\text{Па} = 1\\ \\text{Н\u002Fм}^2",[146,1796,1798,1827],{"className":1797,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1799,1801,1805,1808,1811,1818,1821,1824],{"className":1800},[192],[146,1802],{"className":1803,"style":1804},[196],"height:0.6833em;",[146,1806,202],{"className":1807},[201],[146,1809,1783],{"className":1810},[351],[146,1812,1814],{"className":1813},[201,421],[146,1815,1817],{"className":1816},[201,425],"Па",[146,1819],{"className":1820,"style":443},[351],[146,1822,1441],{"className":1823},[447],[146,1825],{"className":1826,"style":443},[351],[146,1828,1830,1834,1837,1840],{"className":1829},[192],[146,1831],{"className":1832,"style":1833},[196],"height:1.204em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[146,1835,202],{"className":1836},[201],[146,1838,1783],{"className":1839},[351],[146,1841,1843,1858],{"className":1842},[201],[146,1844,1846,1850,1854],{"className":1845},[201,421],[146,1847,1849],{"className":1848},[201,425],"Н",[146,1851,1853],{"className":1852},[201],"\u002F",[146,1855,1857],{"className":1856},[201,425],"м",[146,1859,1861],{"className":1860},[213],[146,1862,1864],{"className":1863},[217],[146,1865,1867],{"className":1866},[221],[146,1868,1871],{"className":1869,"style":1870},[225],"height:0.954em;",[146,1872,1874,1877],{"style":1873},"top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;",[146,1875],{"className":1876,"style":233},[232],[146,1878,1880],{"className":1879},[237,238,239,240],[146,1881,1791],{"className":1882},[201,240],[265,1884],{},[129,1886,1888],{"id":1887},"объем-и-удельный-объем","Объем и удельный объем",[134,1890,1891,1928],{},[137,1892,1893,1896,1897,1927],{},[141,1894,1895],{},"Объем газа"," ",[146,1898,1900,1914],{"className":1899},[149],[146,1901,1903],{"className":1902},[153],[155,1904,1905],{"xmlns":157},[159,1906,1907,1912],{},[162,1908,1909],{},[322,1910,1911],{},"V",[180,1913,1911],{"encoding":182},[146,1915,1917],{"className":1916,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1918,1920,1923],{"className":1919},[192],[146,1921],{"className":1922,"style":1804},[196],[146,1924,1911],{"className":1925,"style":1926},[201,393],"margin-right:0.22222em;"," — пространство, доступное для хаотического движения молекул.",[137,1929,1930],{},"Единицы: м³ (СИ), литр:",[146,1932,1934],{"className":1933},[304],[146,1935,1937,1975],{"className":1936},[149],[146,1938,1940],{"className":1939},[153],[155,1941,1942],{"xmlns":157,"display":313},[159,1943,1944,1972],{},[162,1945,1946,1948,1951,1953,1964,1966],{},[168,1947,202],{},[326,1949,1950],{}," л",[174,1952,1441],{},[165,1954,1955,1957],{},[168,1956,170],{},[162,1958,1959,1961],{},[174,1960,176],{},[168,1962,1963],{},"3",[326,1965,1783],{},[165,1967,1968,1970],{},[326,1969,1857],{},[168,1971,1963],{},[180,1973,1974],{"encoding":182},"1\\ \\text{л} = 10^{-3}\\ \\text{м}^3",[146,1976,1978,2006],{"className":1977,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,1979,1981,1984,1987,1990,1997,2000,2003],{"className":1980},[192],[146,1982],{"className":1983,"style":1566},[196],[146,1985,202],{"className":1986},[201],[146,1988,1783],{"className":1989},[351],[146,1991,1993],{"className":1992},[201,421],[146,1994,1996],{"className":1995},[201,425],"л",[146,1998],{"className":1999,"style":443},[351],[146,2001,1441],{"className":2002},[447],[146,2004],{"className":2005,"style":443},[351],[146,2007,2009,2013,2016,2051,2054],{"className":2008},[192],[146,2010],{"className":2011,"style":2012},[196],"height:0.8641em;",[146,2014,202],{"className":2015},[201],[146,2017,2019,2022],{"className":2018},[201],[146,2020,209],{"className":2021},[201],[146,2023,2025],{"className":2024},[213],[146,2026,2028],{"className":2027},[217],[146,2029,2031],{"className":2030},[221],[146,2032,2034],{"className":2033,"style":2012},[225],[146,2035,2036,2039],{"style":1530},[146,2037],{"className":2038,"style":233},[232],[146,2040,2042],{"className":2041},[237,238,239,240],[146,2043,2045,2048],{"className":2044},[201,240],[146,2046,176],{"className":2047},[201,240],[146,2049,1963],{"className":2050},[201,240],[146,2052,1783],{"className":2053},[351],[146,2055,2057,2063],{"className":2056},[201],[146,2058,2060],{"className":2059},[201,421],[146,2061,1857],{"className":2062},[201,425],[146,2064,2066],{"className":2065},[213],[146,2067,2069],{"className":2068},[217],[146,2070,2072],{"className":2071},[221],[146,2073,2075],{"className":2074,"style":2012},[225],[146,2076,2077,2080],{"style":1530},[146,2078],{"className":2079,"style":233},[232],[146,2081,2083],{"className":2082},[237,238,239,240],[146,2084,1963],{"className":2085},[201,240],[134,2087,2088],{},[137,2089,2090,1896,2093,2123],{},[141,2091,2092],{},"Удельный объем",[146,2094,2096,2110],{"className":2095},[149],[146,2097,2099],{"className":2098},[153],[155,2100,2101],{"xmlns":157},[159,2102,2103,2108],{},[162,2104,2105],{},[322,2106,2107],{},"v",[180,2109,2107],{"encoding":182},[146,2111,2113],{"className":2112,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,2114,2116,2120],{"className":2115},[192],[146,2117],{"className":2118,"style":2119},[196],"height:0.4306em;",[146,2121,2107],{"className":2122,"style":967},[201,393]," — объем на единицу массы вещества:",[146,2125,2127],{"className":2126},[304],[146,2128,2130,2153],{"className":2129},[149],[146,2131,2133],{"className":2132},[153],[155,2134,2135],{"xmlns":157,"display":313},[159,2136,2137,2150],{},[162,2138,2139,2141,2143],{},[322,2140,2107],{},[174,2142,1441],{},[335,2144,2145,2147],{},[322,2146,1911],{},[322,2148,2149],{},"m",[180,2151,2152],{"encoding":182},"v = \\frac{V}{m}",[146,2154,2156,2174],{"className":2155,"ariaHidden":188},[187],[146,2157,2159,2162,2165,2168,2171],{"className":2158},[192],[146,2160],{"className":2161,"style":2119},[196],[146,2163,2107],{"className":2164,"style":967},[201,393],[146,2166],{"className":2167,"style":443},[351],[146,2169,1441],{"className":2170},[447],[146,2172],{"className":2173,"style":443},[351],[146,2175,2177,2181],{"className":2176},[192],[146,2178],{"className":2179,"style":2180},[196],"height:2.0463em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[146,2182,2184,2187,2241],{"className":2183},[201],[146,2185],{"className":2186},[467,468],[146,2188,2190],{"className":2189},[335],[146,2191,2193,2233],{"className":2192},[217,401],[146,2194,2196,2230],{"className":2195},[221],[146,2197,2200,2211,2219],{"className":2198,"style":2199},[225],"height:1.3603em;",[146,2201,2202,2205],{"style":484},[146,2203],{"className":2204,"style":488},[232],[146,2206,2208],{"className":2207},[201],[146,2209,2149],{"className":2210},[201,393],[146,2212,2213,2216],{"style":526},[146,2214],{"className":2215,"style":488},[232],[146,2217],{"className":2218,"style":534},[533],[146,2220,2221,2224],{"style":537},[146,2222],{"className":2223,"style":488},[232],[146,2225,2227],{"className":2226},[201],[146,2228,1911],{"className":2229,"style":1926},[201,393],[146,2231,430],{"className":2232},[429],[146,2234,2236],{"className":2235},[221],[146,2237,2239],{"className":2238,"style":556},[225],[146,2240],{},[146,2242],{"className":2243},[562,468],[265,2245],{},[129,2247,2249],{"id":2248},"идеальный-газ","Идеальный газ",[1635,2251,2252],{},"Удовлетворяет условиям:",[756,2254,2255,2258,2261],{},[137,2256,2257],{},"Собственный объем молекул пренебрежимо мал по сравнению с объемом сосуда.",[137,2259,2260],{},"Между молекулами отсутствуют силы взаимодействия.",[137,2262,2263],{},"Столкновения молекул между собой и со стенками сосуда абсолютно упругие.",{"title":2265,"searchDepth":2266,"depth":2266,"links":2267},"",2,[2268,2274],{"id":126,"depth":2266,"text":127,"children":2269},[2270,2272,2273],{"id":131,"depth":2271,"text":132},3,{"id":269,"depth":2271,"text":270},{"id":294,"depth":2271,"text":295},{"id":729,"depth":2266,"text":730,"children":2275},[2276,2277,2278,2279,2280,2281],{"id":753,"depth":2271,"text":754},{"id":852,"depth":2271,"text":853},{"id":1390,"depth":2271,"text":1391},{"id":1611,"depth":2271,"text":1612},{"id":1887,"depth":2271,"text":1888},{"id":2248,"depth":2271,"text":2249},"26.03.2026 • Незавершенный конспект ⚠️","md",null,{},true,{"title":85,"description":2282},"a6O37tGB2H0E2MgmHNO5IXt0_EDq-X6Kjvb_J9dl2cY",[2290,2292],{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78,"description":2291,"children":-1},"19.03.2026 • Время чтения: ~6 мин.",{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"description":2282,"children":-1},1774881244382]